and Human Rights Centre v The United Republic of Tanzania, application 009/2011; Reverend Christopher R. Mtikila v The United Republic of Tanzania, application 011/2011, judgment, 14 June 2013, para 85; see also Urban Mkandawire v Republic of Malawi, application 003/2011, judgment, 21 June 2013, para 38). In a separate opinion, Judge Niyungeko was of the view that the Court should have categorically stated that it lacked jurisdiction for alleged violations which occurred before the coming into force of the Court’s Protocol, unless they were of a continuing character (Separate Opinion of Judge Niyungeko, para 12; see also Joint dissenting opinion of Niyungeko, Guissé, para 8.).

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