Protocol on the Rights of Women 71 and other forms of sexual exploitation, and to ensure that such acts are considered war crimes, genocide and/or crimes against humanity and that their perpetrators are brought to justice before a competent criminal jurisdiction. 4. States parties shall take all necessary measures to ensure that no child, especially girls under 18 years of age, take a direct part in hostilities and that no child is recruited as a soldier. Article 12: Right to education and training 1. States parties shall take all appropriate measures to: (a) eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and guarantee equal opportunity and access in the sphere of education and training; (b) eliminate all stereotypes in textbooks, syllabuses and the media, that perpetuate such discrimination; (c) protect women, especially the girl-child from all forms of abuse, including sexual harassment in schools and other educational institutions and provide for sanctions against the perpetrators of such practices; (d) provide access to counselling and rehabilitation services to women who suffer abuses and sexual harassment; (e) integrate gender sensitisation and human rights education at all levels of education curricula including teacher training. 2. States parties shall take specific positive action to: (a) promote literacy among women; (b) promote education and training for women at all levels and in all disciplines, particularly in the fields of science and technology; (c) promote the enrolment and retention of girls in schools and other training institutions and the organisation of programmes for women who leave school prematurely. Article 13: Economic and social welfare rights States parties shall adopt and enforce legislative and other measures to guarantee women equal opportunities in work and career advancement and other economic opportunities. In this respect, they shall: (a) promote equality of access to employment; (b) promote the right to equal remuneration for jobs of equal value for women and men; (c) ensure transparency in recruitment, promotion and dismissal of women and combat and punish sexual harassment in the workplace; (d) guarantee women the freedom to choose their occupation, and protect them from exploitation by their employers violating and exploiting their fundamental rights as recognised and guaranteed by conventions, laws and regulations in force; (e) create conditions to promote and support the occupations and economic activities of women, in particular, within the informal sector; (f) establish a system of protection and social insurance for women working in the informal sector and sensitise them to adhere to it; (g) introduce a minimum age for work and prohibit the employment of children below that age, and prohibit, combat and punish all forms of exploitation of children, especially the girl-child; (h) take the necessary measures to recognise the economic value of the work of women in the home; (i) guarantee adequate and paid pre- and post-natal maternity leave in both the private and public sectors; (j) ensure the equal application of taxation laws to women and men;